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IndustrialsFY2015 – FY2024DuPont decompositionROE > 15%
DuPont decomposition3 of 3 shown
CompanyROE 10Y avgNet marginAsset turnoverEquity multiplierROE driver
Fastenal FAST31.7%14.6%1.55x1.39xOperations
Deere & Co DE30.3%10.0%0.53x6.07xBalanced
Lockheed Martin LMT292.4%8.9%1.20x32.8xLeverage
Lockheed Martin clears 15% ROE on leverage, not operations — the thinnest net margin of the three (8.9%) carried by an equity multiplier averaging 32.8x and peaking at 136x in FY2018 after buybacks took equity near zero. Fastenal reaches a comparable ROE on 1.39x.
ROE composition
1x3x8x22x60x7%9%12%14%16%FASTDELMTNET MARGIN (%)EQUITY MULTIPLIER (x)
Equity multiplier, FY15–FY24
1x3x12x43x150x15161718192021222324
1 matchFY2017 – FY2024EBIT / interest < 1.0xCurrent ratio < 1.0
Solvency and liquidity by yearFY2017 – FY2024
Fiscal yearEBIT / interestCurrent ratioInterest > EBITLiquidity
FY170.474x0.509YesUnder 1.0
FY180.547x0.843YesUnder 1.0
FY190.565x0.559YesUnder 1.0
FY200.213x0.746YesUnder 1.0
FY210.107x0.583YesUnder 1.0
FY222.794x0.647NoUnder 1.0
FY232.077x0.679NoUnder 1.0
FY242.684x0.795NoUnder 1.0
ADT Inc. is the only entity meeting both tests — interest expense above EBIT for five consecutive years, not three, bottoming at 0.107x in FY2021 when interest ran 9.3x operating profit. Coverage recovered past 2.0x from FY2022, but the current ratio has never once closed above 1.0.
EBIT / interest coverage
0.0x1.0x2.0x3.0x1.0x break-evenFY17FY18FY19FY20FY21FY22FY23FY24
Current ratio
0.00.30.60.91.21.0 solvency floorFY17FY18FY19FY20FY21FY22FY23FY24
4 matchesRetail & e-commerceFY2015 – FY2024CCC < 0 days
Cash conversion cycle, days4 of 4 matches
CompanyFY15FY18FY20FY22FY24Structural
O'Reilly ORLY19.43.5-6.6-33.9-41.8From FY2020
AutoZone AZO-10.8-13.9-20.5-25.7-32.3Whole decade
Amazon AMZN-25.0-34.2-40.6-35.1-37.0Whole decade
Wayfair W-39.2-33.2-32.9-38.3-46.9Whole decade
Three of the four ran a negative cycle for the entire decade; O'Reilly is the structural transition, crossing into negative territory in FY2020 and reaching -41.8 days by FY2024 by stretching supplier terms while compressing inventory days. All four now collect from customers before they pay suppliers.
Cash conversion cycle, FY15–FY24
-60d-30d0d30d0 days15161718192021222324
FY2024 working-capital split
0d35d70d105d140dORLYAZOAMZNWDIO + DSODPO
12 tickersFY2020 – FY2024Ranked on FY24 EBITDA6 of 12 shown
FY2024 financial profile6 of 12 shown
#CompanyRevenueEBITDANet incomeCash from opsROEDebt/EBITDA
1Apple AAPL$391.0B$134.7B$93.7B$118.3B157.4%0.79x
2Microsoft MSFT$245.1B$129.4B$88.1B$118.6B37.1%0.74x
3NVIDIA NVDA$60.9B$34.5B$29.8B$28.1B91.5%0.32x
4Broadcom AVGO$51.6B$25.7B$5.9B$20.0B13.5%2.70x
5Oracle ORCL$53.0B$21.2B$10.5B$18.7B193.9%4.22x
7IBM IBM$62.8B$12.9B$6.0B$13.5B24.1%4.11x
Oracle and IBM carry leverage above 3.0x — 4.22x and 4.11x — and Oracle's 193.9% ROE is a function of that, not of operating improvement. Broadcom is the clearest net-income-to-cash divergence: $5.9B of net income against $20.0B of operating cash.
Net income vs cash from operations
$0B$32B$65B$98B$130B$0B$30B$60B$90B$120BparityAAPLMSFTNVDAAVGOORCLIBMNET INCOME ($B)CASH FROM OPS ($B)
Debt / EBITDA, FY20–FY24
0x1x2x3x4x5x3.0x threshold2021222324
5 tickersFY2015 – FY2024EBITDA marginXBRL · as-reported
EBITDA margin, first to last5 of 5 shown
CompanyFY15 marginFY24 marginChangeRevenue CAGRCost CAGR
Amazon AMZN7.4%18.9%+11.5 pts19.6%17.9%
Microsoft MSFT35.9%52.8%+16.9 pts11.3%9.1%
Alphabet GOOGL32.5%37.0%+4.5 pts18.7%18.1%
Apple AAPL35.3%34.4%-0.9 pts6.0%6.4%
Meta META45.6%50.9%+5.3 pts28.3%29.6%
Microsoft posts the largest structural expansion — +16.9 points — and the cleanest: SG&A and R&D compounded at 9.1% against 11.3% revenue growth, so the gain is operating leverage, not cuts. Meta's margin rose while its costs outgrew revenue.
EBITDA margin, FY15–FY24
0%15%30%45%60%15161718192021222324
Margin shift, FY15 to FY24
0%15%30%45%60%FY2015FY2024MSFTMETAGOOGLAAPLAMZN
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exmachina / company-dashboard / financial-metrics
Revenue
26.4B
▲ 16.3% YoY
EBITDA margin
32.2%
▲ 90 bps
Net debt / EBITDA
1.8x
▼ 0.3x
Revenue trendFY16 — FY25 · USD BN
PeerEV/EBITDARev growthMargin
Peer A18.4x12.1%30.8%
Peer B21.7x9.4%27.5%
Peer C15.2x18.9%34.1%
Median18.4x12.1%30.8%

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